What is Cystocele?

Cystocele is the most common type of pelvic organ prolapse that occurs after vaginal childbirth. During a vaginal delivery, the pelvic floor muscles can be compromised as they stretch to make room for the baby to make its grand entrance into the world. The pelvic floor muscles are designed to hold up the organs of the pelvis. A severe enough breach in the system can cause a prolapse.

When these muscles are compromised, the organs are able to drift or “sag” down the path of least resistance until they bulge into the vaginal canal. It is important to know that there are many types of pelvic organ prolapse besides cystocele that will not be discussed in this article, but are listed below for educational purposes:

• Urethrocele or prolapse of the urethra
• Uterine prolapse
• Vaginal vault prolapse
• Enterocele or prolapse of the small bowel 
• Rectocele prolapse of the rectum

What causes a Cystocele? 

Cystocele (cysto- meaning bladder, -cele meaning pouching or herniating) is the downward displacement of the bladder that descends until the bladder bulges into the vaginal wall. This is sometimes referred to as “fallen bladder” or “prolapse of the bladder.” Though it is possible that cystocele occurs because of reasons outside of childbirth, such as genetic disposition, increased age or obesity, it is most commonly seen in women who have experienced a vaginal delivery.

How is a cystocele diagnosed? 

Methods of diagnosis depend on how much the prolapsed bladder has advanced from its usual position. 

The pelvic exam is used for the obvious prolapsed bladder. The provider may only need to do a visual exam of both the vaginal opening and the pelvis to spot the bladder in late staged prolapse (I’ll break down the stages for you momentarily). Typically this presents as a pronounced bulge in the vaginal canal or through the opening of the vagina. I strongly recommend doing this exam from a standing position. 

A voiding cystourethrogram may be used in less obvious cystoceles since the prolapsed bladder is not always visible In the vaginal opening in earlier stages of descent. Essentially, an X-ray is taken of the bladder while you urinate to capture the shape and placement of the bladder and vagina during the effort. Your provider will guide you through the preparation for this procedure, but there are typically no special precautions needed.

What are the symptoms of Cystocele? 

Symptoms of a cystocele vary from mild, moderate or severe depending on just how far that bladder has sagged from its usual position. 

Typically the first tell tale sign is a feeling of bulging in your vagina, heaviness, fullness, feeling of bubbles in your vagina and a change in your urine frequency/incontinence after a vaginal delivery that doesn’t improve over time. 

If it is more advanced you may be able to see the bulge formed by the bladder prolapse in the canal or vaginal opening. Heavy lifting, bearing down or straining during bowel movements may increase the feeling of pressure in the pelvic floor. Some women report feeling as if they are sitting on a ball.